Ems dispatch

Memorial stone to the Ems dispatch in Bad Ems

A map of Belgic Gaul in the first century BC, showing the relative position of the Nervii

01The Nervii reportedly forbade wine and merchants among themselves to keep their warriors undiluted by Roman goods or influence.
02Caesar describes grabbing a shield from an anonymous soldier and entering the front rank personally — he did not know the man's name.
03The Nervii, once 60,000 warriors strong by Caesar's count, were reduced to 500 fighting men and three chieftains after the battle at the Sabis.

Bismarck received a routine diplomatic telegram in 1870, redacted it to read as a deliberate insult, and released it to the press. France declared war within days, and the German Empire was born from the fallout.