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- 01Cai Lun was a eunuch serving Emperor He of Han when he refined a pulp-and-mat process to create paper in 105 CE.
- 02He used bark, hemp, rags, and fishing nets as raw materials — waste products turned into history's most durable medium.
- 03After his patron's death, a rival faction indicted him; rather than face trial, he bathed, dressed formally, and drank poison.