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- 01Bessus stabbed Darius III in 330 BC, left him dying in a cart, and claimed the Achaemenid throne.
- 02Alexander had Bessus mutilated — nose and ears removed — before sending him to Ecbatana for formal execution.
- 03Bessus ruled as 'Artaxerxes V' for roughly two years; no coin, no monument survives bearing that name.